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Bibliography · generated from the pages

Central reference database

Every source listed across this site's 85 reference pages, gathered in one place: the Qur'an, hadith collections, Malaysian legislation, fiqh works, fatwas and official bodies, as well as studies, foreign legislation and the media. This list is generated from the pages themselves, so it cannot drift away from them — and it states clearly what has not yet been verified.

⏱ 66 min read§ 11 sections📚 5 sources🗓 Updated: 14 Oct 2026
📘 What you will learn

In essence: This page gathers 489 distinct sources from 1264 citations across 85 pages, and it is generated by a script from the pages themselves so that it cannot drift. Its two limits are stated directly: the text of Act 303 held here is the English text, so every Malay rendering of its sections on this site is this site's own translation and not the Act's official wording; and the numbering of Sahih Muslim cannot be verified from the available corpus, which is why the newer pages cite Muslim by the name of the book without a number.

This week's practice
  1. Before citing any section number from this site, obtain the official text of your own state's enactment
  2. If you are checking a hadith, search by its content and not by its number alone
  3. If you find a source placed in the wrong group or wrongly titled here, report it — the correction is made on the page that cites it, and then this list is regenerated

1What this list is, and what it is not

This page is this site's central reference database: one place gathering every source listed across the 85 reference pages, grouped by type, with links back to the page that cites it.

It is generated by a script from the sources field of each page (scripts/build-rujukan.js), not typed by hand. The reason is single: a hand-typed bibliography would drift away from the pages within a few weeks. Run the script again and this page is back in step with those pages the same day.

Three things this page does not do:

  • It does not add bibliographic details — publisher, edition, year, place of publication, ISBN or page number — that are not written on the page that cites it. If a book is mentioned only by its title, here it is listed only by its title.
  • It does not judge the strength of a source. This list contains statutory text, fiqh works, academic journals and news reports in one place; the standing of each one differs, and it is the page that cites it that states this.
  • It is not a recommended reading list. It is a record of what this site actually relies on.
The list of sources on each page itself remains the authoritative record. This page is an index: it normalises spelling and merges repeated citations, so the full gloss of each citation is on its original page, not here.

2How to use these checklists

The entries below are arranged by group, and within each group by name. The number in a group heading is the count of entries after de-duplication.

Finding the origin of a statementFind its source here, then follow the Cited by link to see every page that relies on it. If one source turns out to support many pages, examine that source first.
Checking a section numberSee the Malaysian legislation group. The list of sections there is the collection of sections cited across the site, not a complete list of the sections in that instrument.
Checking a hadithSee the Hadith collections group, and read the note on citation conventions there before relying on any number.
Seeing the limits of verificationThe Limits of verification section states clearly what has not been checked against a primary source on this machine.

3Summary: what is in it

The citations column counts each time a source is listed on any page; the entries column counts distinct sources after spelling is harmonised and repeated citations merged. The difference between the two columns is the work of de-duplication: 1264 citations become 489 entries.

GroupCitationsEntriesPages that cite it
al-Qur'an2523776
Hadith collections300861
Malaysian legislation1781672
Fiqh, tafsir & commentary works333128
Fatwas & official Malaysian bodies745219
Other: foreign legislation, studies, media42734542
Total126448985

4Limits of verification: what can and cannot be checked here

This list is honest about one thing that bibliographies are usually silent on: not every source in it can be checked directly on the machine that generates this page. Three things matter:

  • Act 303 — the text held here is the English text. Only one statutory text is stored in full with this site, namely the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 in the version whose front page reads As at 1 January 2014. There is no Bahasa Melayu text of that Act on this machine. Therefore every Malay rendering of any section across this whole site is this site's own translation, not the Act's official wording in Bahasa Melayu. For the official wording, refer to the Malay text published by the Attorney General's Chambers.
  • Hadith numbers can be checked, and have been checked. The numbers cited for Sahih al-Bukhari, Sunan Abu Dawud, Jami' at-Tirmidhi, Sunan Ibn Majah and Sunan an-Nasa'i correspond to the expected content when checked against the local hadith corpus — for example al-Bukhari 2721, 5064, 5135, 5152 and 5225, Abu Dawud 2085 and 2114, at-Tirmidhi 1101 and 3895, Ibn Majah 1953, an-Nasa'i 5420. The automatic check run alongside this script (node scripts/build-rujukan.js --verify) found every cited number within that corpus except one, namely al-Bukhari 3818; the copy of the corpus here itself has eleven missing records, and 3818 is one of them, so that absence is a gap in the copy here and not proof that the citation is wrong.
  • Sahih Muslim numbers cannot be verified here. The corpus available on this machine arranges Sahih Muslim in an order different from the Fuad Abd al-Baqi numbering that is commonly cited, and it does not store the names of the books, so Muslim numbers cannot be matched against it. That is why the newer pages cite Sahih Muslim by the name of the book without a number, while some earlier pages still carry a number. Those old numbers are not declared wrong here — they simply cannot yet be verified from the available material, and Sahih Muslim numbers do indeed differ between printings.

The same check also verifies every surah and verse number on this site against the local mushaf: not one exceeds the number of verses in its surah. That check only prints a warning and changes nothing on this page, so that the generation remains reproducible with the same result.

A more detailed record of the check — which texts were read, in what dated version, and what remains unverified — is at Review dates & the legal update cycle.

An entry marked (needs to be verified) comes directly from the page that cites it: that page itself flags that the detail has not been checked against the official text. Do not rely on it for anything filed in court.

5The Qur'an (37 surahs and texts)

What this is: every surah of the Qur'an cited as a source on any page, with a list of the verses cited. The surah and verse numbers are kept as written on the original page.

How to check it: a Qur'anic citation is the easiest source in this list to check, because its text and numbering do not change between printings. Compare the surah and verse number against any mushaf, and for the meaning refer to tafsir — not to a single translation alone.

6Hadith collections (8 collections)

What this is: the hadith collections cited on this site, each with the number or book name cited across the pages.

This site's citation conventions, stated as they are:

  • al-Bukhari, Abu Dawud, at-Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah and an-Nasa'i are cited by number, and the number corresponds to the hadith corpus available here.
  • Sahih Muslim is cited by the name of the book without a number on the newer pages, because the Fuad Abd al-Baqi numbering cannot be verified from the corpus here. Some earlier pages still carry a Muslim number; that number is left in place and is not declared wrong.
  • The spelling of collection names is not uniform. at-Tirmidhi appears in two spellings on this site — Jami' at-Tirmidhi and Sunan at-Tirmidhi — for the same collection. The two are merged into a single entry here. Ibn Majah, in turn, is written Ibn Majah on most pages and Ibnu Majah on one page; that too is the same collection.
  • The numbers in the list below are the numbers cited, not the list of hadith in that collection. The same number may be cited by several pages, and a citation without a number is counted separately.
  • The grade (sahih, hasan) written on the original page is the grade as stated there, not a fresh assessment made on this page.

How to check it: search by the content of the hadith, not by the number alone. Numbers differ between printings and between databases; the content and the chain do not. If a number does not turn up what is expected, that is a sign of a different numbering, not proof that the hadith does not exist.

7Malaysian legislation (16 instruments)

What this is: the Malaysian Acts, enactments, ordinances and rules cited on this site, with the set of sections cited for each one. That list of sections is what this site cites, not a complete list of the sections in the instrument concerned.

What must be read first: the text of Act 303 stored with this site is the English text (Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984, As at 1 January 2014). There is no Bahasa Melayu text of that Act on this machine. So every Malay rendering of any section across this whole site is this site's own translation from that English text — not the Act's official wording in Bahasa Melayu. If the exact wording matters to you, take the official Malay text from the Attorney General's Chambers and do not cite this site.

How to check it: Islamic family law in Malaysia is state law. A Federal Territories section number is not necessarily your state's section number, and only one of the 14 texts is read in full here. Check your own state's enactment, and check whether the section has been amended or repealed — s.58 of Act 303, for example, was repealed by Act A1261, which came into force on 1 November 2010.

The Malay rendering of the sections on this site is this site's own translation from the English text of Act 303. For anything filed in court, use the official text of your own state's enactment.

8Fiqh works, tafsir & commentary (31 entries)

What this is: fiqh works, tafsir and hadith commentaries, as well as references to the schools, as mentioned on the page that cites them.

What you need to know: these works are not on the machine that generates this page. They are listed here with their title and author's name only — no publisher, edition, year or page number is added, because those details cannot be verified from here. Some pages state a juristic difference between the schools without naming the school, and state the reason: the schools' works cannot be consulted directly.

How to check it: refer to a critically edited (tahqiq) printing of the work concerned, or ask the state mufti. For a view attributed to one school, check it in that school's own works, not in a summary about it.

9Fatwas & official Malaysian bodies (52 entries)

Apa ini: fatwa, arahan amalan, risalah, borang, penyata dan statistik daripada badan rasmi Malaysia — Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (JKSM) dan Mahkamah Syariah negeri, jabatan agama negeri, pejabat mufti, Dewan Undangan Negeri dan portal rasmi.

What you need to know: a state fatwa differs from state to state, and a fatwa gazetted in one state does not apply in another. A JKSM Practice Direction binds the courts, but it can be replaced; its date matters.

How to check it: obtain the document from the department's own portal and check its date. A department's PDF links change often; if a link is dead, search again on the portal concerned or in a web archive, and do not assume its content has stayed the same.

10Other: foreign legislation, studies & media (345 entries)

What this is: everything else — foreign statutes and court decisions on the country pages, academic journals and organisations' reports, media reports, as well as notes and databases. Most are cited by only a single page, namely the country or topic page concerned.

How to check it, by type:

  • Foreign legislation — obtain the text from that country's own statute portal. Personal status laws are often amended, and the year cited here is the year of the original instrument, not a guarantee that it is still in force in that form.
  • Studies and reports — examine who published it and what they campaign for. Some reports here are advocacy reports, not neutral studies; they are still useful, but their figures should be read together with the original sources cited within them.
  • Media — a news report is useful for dates, officials' statements and announced figures, not for legal content. Where a news report is the support for a figure, that figure should be traced back to its official source.
  • Notes and databases — including Wikipedia and third-party databases. They are cited as a secondary source, and some entries here say so expressly.

Foreign legislation & judiciary (132)

Studies, journals & organisation reports (104)

Media reports (62)

Notes, databases & other sources (47)

The classification in this section is done by a script from the words in each citation, so an entry may be placed in the wrong group. The entry itself, and the page that cites it, remain correct even if its label is wrong.

11How this page is generated

A single command regenerates this entire page:

node scripts/build-rujukan.js

What it does: it reads every data/polygyny-pages/*.json, collects the sources field, normalises each string (spaces, quotation marks, dashes and the final full stop), de-duplicates them, groups them into six groups, then writes data/polygyny-pages/rujukan.json. Qur'an citations are merged by surah, hadith by collection, legislation by instrument, and the rest by URL where present or by title where not.

This script is idempotent: running it twice yields the same file, because it stores no timestamp and every ordering is fixed. It also does not touch any other page — it only reads.

What this means for the reader: if a page adds or removes a source, this page will show it as soon as the script is run again. If this page does not match those pages, what is outstanding is a re-run, not its content.

Last generated: 85 pages read, 1264 citations collected, 489 entries after de-duplication.

Sources & references

85 reference pages of this site — the sources field of each page (automatic collection)Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 [Act 303], the "As at 1 January 2014" version — the English text stored with this site; there is no Malay text of this Act hereLocal hadith corpus (Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Dawud, Jami' at-Tirmidhi, Sunan an-Nasa'i, Sunan Ibn Majah) — used to check hadith numbersThe Arabic text of the Qur'an (Uthmani mushaf) and public-domain English translations — used to check surah and verse referencesEach page remains the authoritative record for its own sources

Read next

Review date →Legal updates →Polygyny in Malaysia →Fiqh of polygyny →The four schools →Studies →Directory →

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